Suchergebnisse

Głównym pytaniem zawartym w niniejszym opracowaniu jest pyta-nie o przejawy ageizmu i dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek we współczesnej Polsce. Dotychczasowe badania wskazują na dużą istotność tego problemu, szczegól-nie w obszarze rynku pracy, gdzie osoby po 50. roku życia doświadczają trudności związanych w ich wiekiem. Niemniej jednak wyniki Europejskiego Sondażu Spo-łecznego (ESS) z roku 2008 wskazują na stosunkowo niskie odsetki osób skarżą-cych się na problem ageizmu i dyskryminacji, ale zarazem na wysoką społeczną świadomość tego problemu. Artykuł przedstawia założenia teoretyczne problemu ageizmu, a także analizę danych empirycznych zebranych przez ESS w odniesieniu do tego zagadnienia. ; The main question raised in this article concerns the phenomenon of ageizm and age discrimination in the contemporary Polish society. The analysis of the previous research on the age discrimination in Poland, particularly in the area of labour market, suggested that the population of 50+ faces significant problems stemming from their chronological age. Nevertheless, the results of the European Social Survey (ESS) from 2008 show relatively low percentage of people complain-ing about ageism and age discrimination, however, at the same time, indicate high social awareness of this problem. The article presents the theoretical framework of the issue of ageism, as well as the analysis of empirical data collected during the 4th round of ESS concerning this problem.

This chapter looks at the phenomenon of ageism and age discrimination in the labour market from a socio-political perspective and draws attention to key factors in its emergence. The approach adopted here goes beyond the individualistic and micro accounts adopted mostly by psychologists, as well as beyond the meso perspective as used in organisation and work environment studies. Our aim is rather to examine the role of macrostructural processes and transformations and to identify their link to the persistence of ageism and age discrimination in contemporary labour markets. First, an overview of the most predominant conceptual understandings of ageism and age discrimination in employment are provided, which clarify the theoretical and empirical distinctions between the two related, but not synonymous, concepts. This section also provides a life-course perspective on age discrimination in the labour market by looking at experiences of different age groups, as well as an elaboration of the intersectional approach to ageism. Second, the chapter investigates the dynamics between the phenomena of ageism and age discrimination and a range of socio-political contexts, cultural settings, and legal and economic conditions. We then discuss the costs and consequences of age discrimination in employment, as well as particular policy responses.

From a political and economic perspective, senior entrepreneurship seems to be the response to the demographic consequences of the aging workforce in Europe. Several policies and strategies by the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) promote senior entrepreneurship by creating a favorable environment and frameworks. This article examines the role of senior entrepreneurship as a social innovation understood as a response to unmet needs of population aging in the area of economic activity. In this paper draws on qualitative interviews with 6 experts and 4 senior entrepreneurs (as part of a larger research project) in Poland in addition to the analysis of reports and evaluations of incubator projects. Findings highlight the importance of other factors than financial sustainability of senior entrepreneurship: (1) social connectedness as a means against social isolation, (2) personal self-confidence leading to social and psychological empowerment of the entrepreneurs, and (3) skills, knowledge, and experience that are also strengthening their human capital in the job market. Economic sustainability of the businesses established is not the primary goal in these undertakings. The article suggests that due to the three factors before mentioned that the notion of social innovation in senior entrepreneurship might best be understood as improving the well-being and quality of life of the entrepreneurs themselves. Senior entrepreneurship can be an adequate response to the challenges of the aging population. However, due to the low rates of unemployment, the idea of becoming a senior entrepreneur appears a little tempting.

From a political and economic perspective, senior entrepreneurship seems to be the response to demographic consequences of the ageing workforce in Europe. Several policies and strategies by the EU and the OECD promote senior entrepreneurship by creating favorable environment and frameworks. This article examines the role of senior entrepreneurship as social innovation understood as response to unmet needs of population ageing in the area of economic activity. In this paper, we draw on qualitative interviews with 6 experts and 4 senior entrepreneurs (as part of larger research project) in Poland in addition to the analysis of reports and evaluations of incubator projects. Findings highlight the importance of other factors than financial sustainability of senior entrepreneurship: (1) social connectedness as means against social isolation, (2) personal self-confidence leading to social and psychological empowerment of the entrepreneurs, (3) skills, knowledge, and experience also strengthening their human capital in the job market. Economic sustainability of the businesses established is not the primary goal in these undertakings. The article suggests due to the three factors before mentioned that the notion of social innovation in senior entrepreneurship might best be understood as improving the well-being and quality of life of the entrepreneurs themselves. Senior entrepreneurship can be an adequate response to the challenges of the ageing population. However, due to the low rates of unemployment, the idea of becoming a senior entrepreneur appears little tempting.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 The Second Wave of Retraditionalization -- 2 Multiple Emancipatory Trajectories and Changing Gender Relations -- References -- Part I: Feminism in Eastern Europe Revisited -- The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Friend: The Curious Tale of Feminism and Capitalism in Eastern Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Feminisms East and West -- 3 Gender Mainstreaming and Economic Suffering -- 4 In Lieu of a Conclusion -- References -- Blaming Feminists Is Not Understanding History: A Critical Rejoinder to Ghodsee´s Take on Feminism, Neoliberalism and National... -- References -- Feminist Stories from an Illiberal State: Revoking the License to Teach Gender Studies in Hungary at a University in Exile (CE... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ban on Teaching Gender Studies -- 3 The CEU Story: From Dissent to Exile -- 4 Pursuing Science in an Illiberal State: A Personal Story -- 5 The Morals of these Stories about Threats and Losses -- References -- Emancipation is More than the Freedom of Choice: Rethinking the Feminist Agenda in Postsocialism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theorizing Women´s Emancipation beyond Socialist vs. Liberal Dichotomy -- 3 ``It Is in My Character: Myself, Myself, Always Forward´´: Emancipation of Petty Traders -- 4 Solidarity in Precarity: A Way to Go for Postsocialist Feminism? -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: New Conflicts and Empowerment Strategies -- Ukraine´s Female Combatants: The Influence of Conflict on Gender Roles and Empowerment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology and Sampling -- 3 Female Roles in Ukrainian Society -- 4 Women in Armed Conflict and Empowerment -- 5 Research Findings -- 5.1 The Challengers of Traditional Femininity -- 5.2 The Different One -- 5.3 The Crossers -- 5.4 The Keepers of Traditional Femininity -- 6 Conclusions -- References.

Populations around the globe are ageing rapidly. This demographic shift affects families, market structures and social provisions. This timely volume, part of the Ageing and the Lifecourse series, argues that the lifecourse perspective helps us understand the causes and effects of population ageing. The lifecourse perspective suggests that individuals' experiences at an early age can influence their decisions and behaviour at a later age. This much-needed volume combines insights from different disciplines and real-life experiences to describe the theories and practices behind this idea. It therefore caters to the needs of scholars, practitioners and policy makers in a range of areas including sociology and political science